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CANCER
cancer or may be referred to as a malignant neoplasm is a disease characterized by typical cell cycle abnormalities that cause the cells' ability to carry out:
- grow in an uncontrolled manner (cell division beyond the normal limits)
- can invade nearby biological tissue.
- migrate to other body tissues through the blood circulation or the lymphatic system, called metastasis.
Three malignant character which distinguishes cancer from benign tumors. Most cancers form a tumor but some do not, such as leukemia. The branch of medicine that deals with the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer is called the science of oncology.
Cancer can cause many different symptoms, depending on the location and character of the malignancy of the cancer, as well as the presence or absence of metastasis. Diagnosis usually requires the microscopic examination of tissue obtained by biopsy. Once diagnosed, cancer is usually treated with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation.
In general, most cancer causing death. Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in developing countries such as Indonesia's example. Most cancers can be treated and cured, especially if treatment is started early. Many forms of cancer associated with environmental factors that could have been avoided. Smoking can cause more cancers than any other environmental factor. Tumor (Latin; swelling) appoint an abnormal mass of tissue, but can be a "malignant" (cancerous) or "benign" (not cancerous). Only malignant tumors are to be able to attack other networks or metastasize. Cancer can spread through the lymph nodes and blood vessels to other organs.
In the United States and some other developed countries, cancer is responsible for approximately 25% of all deaths there. Within a year, about 0.5% of the population diagnosed with cancer.
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In adult men in the United States in general with prostate cancer (33% of all cancers), lung cancer (13%), cancer of the colon and rectum (10%), bladder cancer (7%), and "cutaneous melanoma (5%). As a cause of death of lung cancer is the most common (31%), followed by prostate cancer (10%), cancer of the colon and rectum (10%), pancreatic cancer (5%) and leukemia (4% ).
For adult women in the United States, breast cancer is the most common cancer (32% of all cancer cases), followed by lung cancer (12%), cancer of the colon and rectum (11%), endometrial cancer (6%, uterus ) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (4%). Based on deaths, lung cancer is the most common (27% of cancer deaths), followed by breast cancer (15%), cancer of the colon and rectum (10%), ovarian cancer (6%), and pancreatic cancer (6% ).
Statistics can vary large in other countries. In Indonesia, the cancer became the third largest contributor to death other than heart disease. The main cause of cancer in the country of Indonesia is because the pattern of life of citizens negarannya unhealthy, such as lack of exercise, smoking and unhealthy eating patterns. In plants, cancer is a disease caused by a type of fungus / bacteria tertantu. The pattern of cancer invasion and Kaner plants in humans are very different.
In terms of cost, cancer is a disease number two in Indonesia, after hemodialysis who spend funds from the government .
CLASSIFICATION OF CANCER
In general, cancer is referred to by the type of organ or cells where they occur. For example, cancer that starts in the large intestine is referred to as colon cancer, while cancer that occurs in the basal cells of the skin referred to as basal cell carcinoma. Cancer classification then performed on a more general category, for example:
- Carcinoma, a cancer that occurs in epithelial tissues, such as skin or tissue that envelops the body organs, eg, organ or gland in the digestive system. Examples include skin cancer, cervical carcinoma, anal carcinoma, esophageal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, laryngeal cancer, hypernephroma, gastric cancer, testiskular cancer and thyroid cancer.
- Sarcoma, a cancer that occurs in bones such as osteosarcoma, such kondrosarkoma cartilage, muscle tissue as rabdomiosarcoma, adipose tissue, blood vessels and tissues Conductor or other support.
- Leukemia, a cancer that occurs due to the maturation of blood cells develop in the bone marrow and have a tendency to accumulate in the blood circulation.
- Lymphoma, a cancer that arises from the lymph nodes and tissues in the body's immune system
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ESTABLISHMENT OF CANCER CELLS
Uncontrolled growth is caused by the presence of DNA damage, which cause mutations in vital genes that control cell division. Some mutations may be required to transform normal cells into cancer cells. These mutations are often caused by chemical or physical agents called carcinogens. Mutations can occur spontaneously (obtained) or inherited (germline mutations).
Cell cycle abnormalities, such as occurs when:
- displacement of the G1 phase to the S phase
- cell cycle occur without the activation of thyroid hormone transkripsi.Pencerap factor beta1 (TRbeta1) is a transcription factor that is activated by the hormones T3 and serves as a tumor suppressor gene and THRB disorders are often found in cancer.
- the cell cycle occurred with irreversible DNA damage.
- translocation chromosome positions are often found in white blood cell cancers such as leukemia or lymphoma, or the loss of some DNA on a particular domain on mielogenus kromosom.Pada chronic leukemia, 95% of patients experienced a translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22, called the Philadelphia chromosome.
Carcinogenesis in humans is a tiered process as a result of exposure to a carcinogen often found in the environment, throughout life, either through ingestion, or infection. There are four levels of carcinogenesis:
- tumor initiation
- tumor promotio
- malignant conversion
- tumor progression